Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Manganese (Mn) in Refilled Drinking Water on Small Island

Nurlia Sila; Sudarmaji; Muhammad Farid Dimjati Lusno; Sri Handayani

doi:10.36990/hijp.v17i1.1662

Authors

Nurlia Sila Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Sudarmaji Departemen Kesehatan Lingkungan, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia , Indonesia
Muhammad Farid Dimjati Lusno Departemen Kesehatan Lingkungan, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia , Indonesia
Sri Handayani Departemen Kesehatan Lingkungan, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36990/hijp.v17i1.1662

Keywords:

Manganese (Mn), Refilled Drinking Water, Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA), Health Risk

Abstract

Ringkasan: Latar Belakang: Pulau kecil menghadapi keterbatasan sumber daya air bersih, sehingga masyarakat bergantung pada Air Minum Isi Ulang (AMIU) dari sumur bor yang rentan kontaminasi mangan (Mn). Mangan dalam konsentrasi tinggi berpotensi menyebabkan gangguan neurologis dan dampak neurotoksik, terutama pada kelompok rentan. Tujuan: Menganalisis konsentrasi mangan dalam AMIU dan menilai risiko kesehatan masyarakat Pulau Barrang Lompo menggunakan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pengambilan sampel air dari tiga Depot AMIU dan survei 193 responden masyarakat. Analisis data menggunakan pendekatan ARKL meliputi identifikasi bahaya, analisis dosis-respon, analisis pemajanan, dan karakterisasi risiko. Hasil: Konsentrasi mangan dalam AMIU sebesar 0,0043 mg/L, masih di bawah baku mutu 0,1 mg/L. Nilai Risk Quotient (RQ) saat ini 0,002 menunjukkan kategori aman. Proyeksi jangka panjang menunjukkan peningkatan kadar mangan hingga 0,0351 mg/L dalam 30 tahun pada skenario optimis. Simpulan: Konsumsi AMIU saat ini masih aman, namun proyeksi menunjukkan potensi peningkatan risiko jangka panjang. Saran: Diperlukan pemantauan berkala kualitas air, penerapan sistem pengolahan efektif, dan kebijakan pengelolaan air berkelanjutan untuk mencegah risiko kesehatan akibat akumulasi mangan.

References

Agustina, L. (2019) ‘Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) Parameter Air Minum untuk Pekerja di Kabupaten Pasuruan Tahun 2017’, Medical Technology and Public Health Journal, 3(1), pp. 61–69.

Aldi, M. (2024) ‘Modular Behavior Village Concept to Improve the Quality of Fishermen’s Settlements, Case Study: Barrang Lompo Island, Makassar’, Idealog Ide Dan Dialog Desain Indonesia, 9(1), p. 1. Available at: https://doi.org/10.25124/idealog.v9i1.6782.

Balachandran, R.C. et al. (2020) ‘Brain Manganese and the Balance Between Essential Roles and Neurotoxicity’, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295(19), pp. 6312–6329. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.rev119.009453.

Birawida, A.B. (2019) Laut dan Kesehatan.

Birawida, A.B. et al. (2023) ‘Faktor Risiko Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut Ditinjau dari Kondisi Lingkungan Fisik pada Masyarakat di Kepulauan Spermonde: Penelitian Observasional’, Health Information: Jurnal Penelitian, 15(1), p. 67.

Birawida, A.B. et al. (2024) ‘The microbial and chemical risk analysis of drinking water in a small island, Spermonde Archipelago’, Journal of Water and Land Development, pp. 112–121.

Briffa, J., Sinagra, E. and Blundell, R. (2020) ‘Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and Their Toxicological Effects on Humans’, Heliyon, 6(9), p. e04691. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04691.

Budinger, D. (2024) ‘A Humanized Neuronal Model System Reveals Key Roles for Manganese in Neuronal Endocytosis, Calcium Flux and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics’. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.27.625600.

Carmona, A., Roudeau, S. and Ortega, R. (2021) ‘Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Metal Neurotoxicity: A Focus on the Interactions of Metals With Synapse Structure and Function’, Toxics, 9(9), p. 198. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090198.

Dorman, D.C. (2023) ‘The Role of Oxidative Stress in Manganese Neurotoxicity: A Literature Review Focused on Contributions Made by Professor Michael Aschner’, Biomolecules, 13(8), p. 1176. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13081176.

Fitra, M. et al. (2022) Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) Edisi Revisi. Miladil Fitra.

Guan, R. et al. (2022) ‘Effects of Co-Exposure to Lead and Manganese on Learning and Memory Deficits’, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 121, pp. 65–76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.012.

Han, Y. (2023) ‘Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Karst Water From Abandoned Mines in Zhangqiu, China’, Water, 15(19), p. 3440. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193440.

Huang, Y. et al. (2021) ‘Manganese (II) Chloride Leads to Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity by Promoting Mitophagy Through BNIP3-mediated Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells’, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, 26(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-021-00267-8.

Kondraciuk, J. (2023) ‘Neurotoxicity of Manganese’, Environmental Medicine, 26(3–4), pp. 43–48. Available at: https://doi.org/10.26444/ms/172390.

Kulshreshtha, D., Ganguly, J. and Jog, M. (2021) ‘Manganese and Movement Disorders: A Review’, Journal of Movement Disorders, 14(2), pp. 93–102. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20123.

Liu, Y. and Ma, R. (2020) ‘Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater in the Luan River Catchment Within the North China Plain’, Geofluids, 2020, pp. 1–7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8391793.

Martínez-Hernández, I. et al. (2023) ‘Microglial Activation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases’, Biomed Research International, 2023(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7389508.

Nasution, I.S. and Susilawati, S. (2023) ‘Faktor Water, Sanitation, dan Hygiene (WASH) dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita di Kawasan Pesisir’, Health Information?: Jurnal Penelitian, 15(1). Available at: https://myjurnal.poltekkes-kdi.ac.id/index.php/hijp/article/view/934.

R?hm?n, ?.U., Abbasi, H.N. and Owais, M. (2021) ‘Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Heavy Metals by Using Chemical Indices Approach in Karachi, Pakistan’, Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry, 22(2), pp. 358–366. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.12.14.

Schullehner, J. et al. (2020) ‘Exposure to Manganese in Drinking Water During Childhood and Association With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study’, Environmental Health Perspectives, 128(9). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp6391.

Tinkov, A.A. et al. (2021) ‘Molecular Targets of Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Five-Year Update’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(9), p. 4646. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094646.

US EPA (2014) Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessment.

Xu, M. et al. (2022) ‘Health Risk Assessments and Microbial Community Analyses of Groundwater From a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Site in Hezhou City, Southwest China’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), p. 604. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010604.

Zhu, W. et al. (2021) ‘Investigation and Systematic Risk Assessment in a Typical Contaminated Site of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal’, Frontiers in Public Health, 9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.764788.