Perbandingan Hipotiroid Kongenital Dengan Eutiroid Terhadap Kelainan Ginjal Dan Traktus Urinarius Pada Anak

Abstract

Congenital hypothyroidism is an abnormal congenital condition that occurs in approximately 3000 - 4000 newborns in the world. The incidence number in Indonesia is 1 :2500 per population. Congenital hypothyroidism is usually associated with other congenital abnormalities, such as kidney and urinary tract disorder. This condition is affected by many factors, such as gene mutations (PAX8, FOXE1, TTF1, TTF2 TSHR, TPO, and NIS) and maternal disorders (hypothyroidism and epilepsy in pregnancy). This study was conducted to determine the relationship between congenital hypothyroidism and kidney and urinary tract disorder in order to reduce the risk of end-stage kidney disease in infants and children. The literature search was taken from trusted journal articles such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, Ebsco, Medline, Science Direct, Cochrane, and Hindawi which were published within the last 10 years. Apart from the PAX8 gene, mutations in other genes involved in kidney and urinary system development such as WT1, WNT4, SALL1, and NKX2-1 can cause congenital urinary system disorders (impaired kidney function or kidney formation). Hypernatremic dehydration in children due to acute glomerulonephritis often causes acute kidney injury in congenital hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism can reduce kidney function and affect the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. This condition can affect fluid and electrolyte balance and cause kidney disorders. The occurrence of hypothyroidism can also reduce urine production and slow the absorption of fluids, which causes dehydration and worsens kidney conditions. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are more common in congenitally hypothyroid children than in euthyroid children, with an odds ratio (OR) 13,2.